Ductile iron pipe versus hdpe pipe 1 introduction there is a myriad of factors that design engineers consider when designing and specifying a potable water pipeline. If malleable, a material may be flattened by hammering or rolling. Create pdf files without this message by purchasing novapdf printer. Flowserve corporation produces valves, pumps, and other process equipment in astm a395 ductile iron. Ductile materials are those that undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture. Looking back on the first four decades of ductile iron reveals the classical pattern of the research, development and commercialization of a new material. Material yield strength mpa ultimate strength mpa modulus of resilience, kjm3 modulus of toughness, kjm 3 sae 1020 annealed 276 414 186 128755 sae 1020 heat treated 427 621 428 91047 type 304 stainless 207 586 103 195199 cast iron 172 586 ductile cast iron 400 503 462 50352 alcoa 2017 276 428 552 62712 red brass 414 517 828 795 5. For this reason a static failure is preceded by large plastic deformations, if the material is ductile and it is not embrittled due to external causes e.
When you apply a load, a material must twist marginally to endure the load. The driving force for mass transfer is the presence of an activity e. This theory is not suitable for the safe design of machine components made of ductile materials because ductile. A ductile material is one such as copper which may be drawn out into a wire. Continuous testing and field experience have brought the production and use of ductile iron pipe to maturity. Solution strengthened ferritic ductile irons ssf ssf cast iron is a high strength ductile cast iron quality alloyed with silicon between 3. The strength and rugged durability of ductile iron results in a high level of operational reliability. Ductility simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Common ductile materials are copper, aluminum, and steel. The ductile iron process was developed by the international nickel company, inc. These problems are mostly solved with the new en 1563. A brittle material is one that will break as opposed to bending.
Both of these properties are aspects of plasticity. Yield strength the yield strength of a395 ductile iron is a minimum of 40,000 psi. O necessity of ductile detailing ductile detailing is provided in structures so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severe. Detailed property information and specifications are included. This is higher than grades 7036 and 6030 cast steel or ordinary gray iron which has no true. Stiffness degradation is modeled using damage mechanics. Quickly recognized as a pipe material with all the good qualities of gray castiron pipe plus additional strength and ductility, it was first used for. Ductile iron data for engineers preface ductile iron data for design engineers revised edition. Ductile shear zones generally record a noncoaxial deformation and may range from the grain scale to the scale of a few hundreds of kilometres in length and a few kilometres in width. Zooming in on the material, the microstructure comprises grains of two phases materials. Ductile iron gray iron a395 material showing random graphite showing random graphite flakes. The stressstrain curve for brittle materials are typically linear over their full range of. A395 material, which has the greatest ductility, has a minimum tensile strength of 60,000 psi. The strain gradients from mylonite to undeformed rock are criteria to distinguish largescale shear zones from regional deformation.
This phenomenon was found out after sinking of titanic ship. Pdf a theory for designing ductile materials with anisotropy. Because of this property, greater care must be used in designing with. At low loads, materials will come back to their old shape after the load is lifted flexible. Does cooling can change a ductile material into brittle. Uniaxial stressstrain response for ductile and brittle materials.
Over forty years ago, the birth of a new engineering material, ductile iron, was announced at the 1948 american foundrymens society annual conference. It is a comprehensive summary of data describing the engineering properties of ductile iron. En 1563 new generation ductile irons solid solution. With the use of ebaas series 1100 megalug using a standard mechanical joint installation on 12 inch ductile iron pipe, and a 80 ton motor crane, ebaa iron lifted a d7 caterpillar track type tractor weighing in at 50,350 lbs. A plastic material deforms at a crack tip, which blunts the crack.
If a ductile material such as copper is stretched until it breaks and its stress and strain measured and plotted, a graph like that in figure 1 may be obtained. Ductile materials will withstand large strains before the specimen ruptures. Little ductility is exhibited with these materials, and they fracture soon after reaching the elastic limit. The unibell pvc pipe association at its annual conference aimed to separate the unproven theories over the years from the actual science. Benzerga and others published a theory for designing ductile materials with anisotropy find, read and cite all the. A ductile material is the one that can undergo large strains while resisting loads. Material failure refers to the complete loss of load carrying capacity that results from progressive degradation of the material stiffness. Pdf brittle removal mechanism of ductile materials with ultra. The questions and answers when it comes to understanding why ductileiron pipe fails, the di industry still struggles to come up with explanations and solutions. Ductile and brittle materials schoolphysics welcome. Brittle materials can endure only a very small amount of strain before rupture. Page 1 of 2 engineering standards 15th edition revised date. Summary of structural material failure theories having completed a stress analysis of a part you must decide if it predicts a material failure.
Porous ductile material models were also developed early on by fitting exper iments for powder metallurgical materials 19, and in fact the approximate yield. Nov 26, 2016 yes, by cooling the ductile material converts to brittle material. Water main materials specifications specifications and procedures cast iron or ductile iron split repair sleeve h. Dbtt is important since, once a material is cooled below the. This brochure compares the short and longterm structural and. This phenomenon is called ductile brittle transformation. Information from its description page there is shown below. From damage to fracture, from micro to macro technische. Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for gas pipelines dn 80 600mm ductile iron pipesexternal zincbased coating, zinc rich paint with finishing layer suitability of nonmetallic products for use in contact with water intended for human consumption with. A brittle material is one like cast iron which will stretch and then break.
Ductile iron data a 200 page reference binder on designing and manufacturing with ductile iron. Pdf ductile fracture of structural metals occurs mainly by the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids. The material response for ductile and brittle materials are exhibited by both qualitative and quantitative differences in their respective stressstrain curves. Ductile iron pipe fitting and accessories, 151061 rev. Pdf material removal mechanism depends on the material property and machining parameters during machining process. Welding of ductile iron since the invention of ductile iron dl in 1948, the weldability of ductile iron alloys has been studied and many papers on the subject have been published. Generally, in the elastic range, materials are considered as either ductile like steel, copper, aluminum, etc or brittle like cast iron, glass, concrete. If ductile, a material may be stretched into a wire. The usual mechanism of plastic deformation is by slip, one part of the crystal slides over another part separated by a slip plane. Lightweight compared to concrete can be handled and transported, and prefabricated. Ductile iron is a high strength, tough material used in water and wastewater systems in all 50 states of the united states and in many other areas of the world. Publishers pdf, also known as version of record includes final. Ssf solution strengthened ferritic ductile iron you have been selected to complete a survey by the dis on the topic of solid solution ductile iron, also known as ssf.
Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. Malleability, a similar property, is a material s ability to deform under pressure compressive stress. Despite the extensive investigation of welding of dl, there continues to be disagreement over whether the material is weldable or unweldable. For these reasons, it rapidly replaced gray cast iron in the marketplace and is the iron.
Along with this, the series 1100 megalug has been tested to over 700 psi. Material failure a test y y e 1 b ductile c brittle figure 5. A ductile material, does not fail suddenly, but gives visible evidence of failure by large deflections. The title describes both the contents and the objective of this book. Work specified the work specified shall include all labor, material, equipment, tools, services and incidentals necessary to furnish and install ductile iron pipe, fittings and.